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Survey Errors and Survey Costs

Survey Errors and Survey Costs

Copyright © 1989 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Survey Errors and Survey Costs

Author(s): Robert M. Groves

Published Online: 28 JAN 2005

Print ISBN: 9780471611714

Online ISBN: 9780471725275

DOI: 10.1002/0471725277

Book Series: Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics

About this Book

The Wiley-Interscience Paperback Series consists of selected books that have been made more accessible to consumers in an effort to increase global appeal and general circulation. With these new unabridged softcover volumes, Wiley hopes to extend the lives of these works by making them available to future generations of statisticians, mathematicians, and scientists.

"Survey Errors and Survey Costs is a well-written, well-presented, and highly readable text that should be on every error-conscious statistician's bookshelf. Any courses that cover the theory and design of surveys should certainly have Survey Errors and Survey Costs on their reading lists."
-Phil Edwards
MEL, Aston University Science Park, UK
Review in The Statistician, Vol. 40, No. 3, 1991

"This volume is an extremely valuable contribution to survey methodology. It has many virtues: First, it provides a framework in which survey errors can be segregated by sources. Second, Groves has skillfully synthesized existing knowledge, bringing together in an easily accessible form empirical knowledge from a variety of sources. Third, he has managed to integrate into a common framework the contributions of several disciplines. For example, the work of psychometricians and cognitive psychologists is made relevant to the research of econometricians as well as the field experience of sociologists. Finally, but not least, Groves has managed to present all this in a style that is accessible to a wide variety of readers ranging from survey specialists to policymakers."
-Peter H. Rossi
University of Massachusetts at Amherst
Review in Journal of Official Statistics, January 1991

More about this book summary

Table of contents

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    1. You have free access to this content

      Frontmatter (pages i–xxiii)

    2. You have full text access to this content

      An Introduction to Survey Errors (pages 1–47)

    3. You have full text access to this content

      An Introduction to Survey Costs (pages 49–80)

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      Costs and Errors of Covering the Population (pages 81–132)

    5. You have full text access to this content

      Nonresponse in Sample Surveys (pages 133–183)

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      Probing the Causes of Nonresponse and Efforts to Reduce Nonresponse (pages 185–238)

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      Costs and Errors Arising from Sampling (pages 239–294)

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      Empirical Estimation of Survey Measurement Error (pages 295–355)

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      The Interviewer as a Source of Survey Measurement Error (pages 357–406)

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      The Respondent as a Source of Survey Measurement Error (pages 407–448)

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      Measurement Errors Associated with the Questionnaire (pages 449–499)

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      Response Effects of the Mode of Data Collection (pages 501–552)

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      References (pages 553–579)

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      Index (pages 581–590)

Tuesday

LITERATURE ON NGO–STATE RELATIONS IN ASIA

(Kerkvliet 1995, Malarney 1996, Ma 2002, Hsu 2008, Marshall 2009, Gainsborough 2010, Heurlin 2010, Hsu 2010)

Gainsborough, M. (2010). "Present but not Powerful: Neoliberalism, the State, and Development in Vietnam." Globalizations 7(4): 475-488.

Through a case study of Vietnam, this paper explores what happens to neoliberal ideas about development when they encounter the very different political and cultural context of a developing country. The paper argues that although much scholarship tends implicitly or explicitly to emphasise the very great power of neoliberal institutions in our world today, an analysis of continuity and change in Vietnam during two decades of extensive engagement with neoliberal actors suggests that the influence of neoliberalism on the working of the Vietnamese state has been relatively small. The paper seeks both to document and explain this through an account which is attentive to both structure and agency and which in turn sheds new light on the nature of power in our world.

Heurlin, C. (2010). "Governing Civil Society: The Political Logic of NGO-State Relations Under Dictatorship." Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 21(2): 220-239.

This paper attempts to take the first steps toward developing a theory of non-governmental organizations (NGO)-state relations under dictatorship. Drawing on evidence from East Asia, the author argues that dictatorships typically employ one of two strategies in attempting to govern NGOs. First, some dictatorships follow a corporatist strategy, in which business associations, development, and social welfare organizations are co-opted into the state and controlled through a variety of strategies. Second, other dictatorships pursue an exclusionary strategy in which NGOs are marginalized and replaced with state institutions. Variation in the strategy chosen may be explained by differing levels of elite competition and the type of development strategy. Single-party states tend to regulate elite conflicts better and thus often choose corporatist strategies. In personalist regimes dictators tend to fear the organizational and mobilizational potential of NGOs and thus tend to pursue exclusionary strategies. This choice, however, is conditioned by the development strategy employed, as socialist development strategies reduce the incentives to allow NGOs.

Hsu, C. (2010). "Beyond Civil Society: An Organizational Perspective on State–NGO Relations in the People's Republic of China." Journal of Civil Society 6(3): 259-277.

In the last two decades, the People's Republic of China has witnessed an explosion of NGOs. What will the implications be for state?society relations? This article, drawing upon research conducted at seven Chinese NGOs, critiques two approaches to analysing this problem: the civil society framework and the privatization perspective. It then proffers a third way: an approach based on organizational analysis. Both the civil society and privatization perspectives assume a zero-sum game between a monolithic state and NGOs/citizens. Yet empirical evidence reveals that Chinese NGOs are often much more interested in building alliances with state agencies and actors than in autonomy from the government. From an organizational perspective, this makes sense. As organizations, both NGOs and state agencies need to ensure a constant supply of necessary resources for the firm to survive, and their strategies for achieving this goal will be constrained by their actors' own institutional experiences and the cultural frameworks extant in their society. Alliances between Chinese NGOs and state agencies can help both types of organizations secure necessary resources and gain legitimacy.

Hsu, C. L. (2008). "‘Rehabilitating Charity’ in China: The Case of Project Hope and the Rise of Non-Profit Organizations." Journal of Civil Society 4(2): 81-96.

Beginning in the 1990s, the People's Republic of China has experienced explosive growth in the number of non-governmental organizations. This article examines one of the earliest and most influential Chinese NGOs, Project Hope, a charitable organization which solicits donations to help poor rural children stay in school. The success of Project Hope and the subsequent growth of the non-profit sector are surprising given that China arguably has no history of an organizational form like the Western donative-style charity. As such, this case offers a rare opportunity to examine the rise of a new organizational form. New institutionalist and social capital theoretical approaches will be used to analyse the social mechanisms underlying practice of donative-style charity. Chinese cultural practices of giving to the needy in the premodern era and under Mao Zedong's socialist state (1949?1978) will be explicated to reveal the resources and constraints emerging Chinese charities faced in the post-socialist era. This article focuses on one problem that China's first Western-style charities had to address: how to establish the practice of voluntary giving to non-governmental organizations. It examines two of Project Hope's strategies and their consequences: (1) blurring the distinction between charitable organizations and the state and (2) building personal relationships between donors and recipients.

Kerkvliet, B. J. T. (1995). "Village-State Relations in Vietnam: The Effect of Everyday Politics on Decollectivization." The Journal of Asian Studies 54(2): 396-418.

Why, since 1988, has the Vietnamese government reversed its commitment to collective farming and permitted the revival of family farming? BENEDICT KERKVLIET rejects the obvious explanation-that reversal followed naturally from the post-1986 policy of reform (d oi-moi) or that it merely mimicked Chinese policies. He proposes, as an alternative, that the Vietnamese government has responded with various kinds of accommodations since the mid-1970s to growing popular discontent with its agricultural policies. Borrowing a concept from Brantly Womack, Kerkvliet suggests that Communist parties must be "mass-regarding" both to establish their rule and to maintain it. He links this idea with James Scott's emphasis on the power of everyday peasant resistance to conclude that the Vietnamese Communist Party was responding to popular pressure from below. Thus, Kerkvliet finds that standard characterizations that represent the current regime in Vietnam as a "dominating state" or one that rules through "mobilization authoritarianism" overlook the existence of strong local social pressures that have the capacity for low-level resistance to government policy. Moreover, such characterizations also do not take into account that the Vietnamese state has displayed a long-term concern with ensuring that its policies are acceptable among the peasantry.

Ma, Q. (2002). "The Governance of NGOs in China since 1978: How Much Autonomy?" Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 31(3): 305-328.

Does the surge of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in China indicate a shift in power away from the party-state and the emergence of a civil society? In an attempt to shed light on the relationship between the state and the NGOs, this article examines the aims of official NGO policy and its influence on the growth patterns of NGOs. The discussion is divided into three sections. The first section analyzes the NGO concept in China and the features of official policy. The second and third sections address two models of Chinese NGOs. The study concludes that even as the Chinese government remains the most decisive component in the development of NGOs, the state is withdrawing from responsibilities toward society. The interactive and mutually dependent relations between the government and NGOs indicate the continuing power of the party-state as well as the decline in its capacity to control the growth of organizations.

Malarney, S. K. (1996). "The Limits of "State Functionalism" and the Reconstruction of Funerary Ritual in Contemporary Northern Vietnam." American Ethnologist 23(3): 540-560.

In this article I examine the history and consequences of the Vietnamese Communist Party's attempt to reform funerary rituals in the post-1954 period. By examining the mixed results of the campaign, I argue that "state functionalism," a phenomenon defined as the use of ritual by state officials to advance official objectives and ideology, cannot succeed in controlling all meanings and values mobilized in ritual. Official ideology, however, does not remain divorced from the values and ideals participants bring to reformed ritual practices. Instead, it enters into a transformative dialogue with its historical antecedents, producing a set of rituals, and ideas about ritual, different from what the cadres intended and what they replaced. [funerary ritual, Vietnam, ritual change, culture and ideology, socialist ritual]

Marshall, V.-N. (2009). "Tools of Empire? Vietnamese Catholics in South Vietnam." from http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/044402ar.

This article examines the social and political activities of Vietnamese Roman Catholics in South Vietnam in the period from the 1950s to the 1970s. The Catholics participation in the public sphere, ranging from joining humanitarian organizations to organizing street protests, suggests that they were highly organized and proactive in trying to change their social and political environment. While Catholics held some political views and goals in common with the South Vietnamese and the United States governments, they pursued their own objectives, engaged in local and national politics, critiqued government policy, and maintained an important degree of independence from state power and influence.

LITERATURE ON CHARITY IN VIETNAM

LITERATURE ON CHARITY IN VIETNAM

Barzin, Y. (2012). "The role of NGOs in rural Vietnam: a case study and critique." from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1753-6561/6/S4/P54.

No abstract available.

Bui, T. H. (2013). "The development of civil society and dynamics of governance in Vietnam's one party rule." Global Change, Peace & Security 25(1): 77-93.

Civil society has been in operation under one-party rule in Vietnam in the years since the Doi Moi (renewal) in 1986. Despite the continued monopoly of political power by the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV), civil society has been gradually expanded and developed. The paper reviews recent arguments in the political science and area studies literature on the emergence of civil society in Vietnam's Doi Moi period over the past two decades, to comment on the dynamics of the relationship between civil society and the party-state, problematizing the development of civil society in the context of a one-party-dominated state. At a certain level, civil society has been ?tolerated?, ?endorsed?, or recognized by the party state to fill a gap in the governance network. In practice, it has never been an easy project for civil society to make its way into Vietnamese society given the party-state's Gramscian concession to maintain the existing hegemony.

Center for Community Development (2012). Memorandum: Fundraising activities by Not-for-profit organisations under Vietnamese law. Ho Chi Minh City, Centre of community development.

Center for Community Development (2012). Philanthropic attitudes & sentiments in Vietnam today. Ho Chi Minh City, LIN - Center for Community Development.

Dalton, R. J. and N.-N. T. Ong (2005). "Civil society and social capital in Vietnam." Modernization and Social Change in Vietnam. Hamburg, Institut für Asienkunde.

Gillespie, J. and N. Penelope (2005). Asian socialism & legal change : the dynamics of Vietnamese and Chinese reform. Canberra ACT, Australian National University E Press : Asia Pacific Press.

Goodkind, D. (1996). "State Agendas, Local Sentiments: Vietnamese Wedding Practices amidst Socialist Transformations." Social Forces 75(2): 717-742.

This article examines how Vietnamese citizens responded to state exhortations to devalue and simplify marital exchanges. Such exhortations reflected Engels' belief ([1884] 1972) that the success of revolutionary socialism was contingent upon a transformation of marital institutions. Vietnam, a "weak" state with an otherwise home-grown socialist revolution, announced decrees to this end in the North after national partition in 1954 and in the South following political reunification in 1975. This article employs data from the author's 1993 field survey in a Northern and Southern province to track temporal changes in a variety of Vietnamese wedding practices. The results suggest that the socialist marriage pattern took hold in the Northern province only. Findings are linked to historical events, modernization, state-society bargaining processes, as well as the more general successes and failures of revolutionary socialism in Vietnam.

Gray, M. L. (1999). "Creating civil society? : the emergence of NGOs in Vietnam." Development and change. 304: 693-713.

Hamm, B. (2012). "Corporate Social Responsibility in Vietnam: Integration or mere adaptation?" Pacific News 38(July/August).

Heurlin, C. (2010). "Governing Civil Society: The Political Logic of NGO-State Relations Under Dictatorship." Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 21(2): 220-239.

This paper attempts to take the first steps toward developing a theory of non-governmental organizations (NGO)-state relations under dictatorship. Drawing on evidence from East Asia, the author argues that dictatorships typically employ one of two strategies in attempting to govern NGOs. First, some dictatorships follow a corporatist strategy, in which business associations, development, and social welfare organizations are co-opted into the state and controlled through a variety of strategies. Second, other dictatorships pursue an exclusionary strategy in which NGOs are marginalized and replaced with state institutions. Variation in the strategy chosen may be explained by differing levels of elite competition and the type of development strategy. Single-party states tend to regulate elite conflicts better and thus often choose corporatist strategies. In personalist regimes dictators tend to fear the organizational and mobilizational potential of NGOs and thus tend to pursue exclusionary strategies. This choice, however, is conditioned by the development strategy employed, as socialist development strategies reduce the incentives to allow NGOs.

Hugman, R., et al. (2009). "Developing Social Work in Vietnam: Issues in Professional Education." Social Work Education 28(2): 177-189.

The growth of professional social work in Vietnam took a major step forward in 2004, with the approval of a new national curriculum for universities to teach degrees in social work. This article briefly examines the history of social work in Vietnam to provide background to these developments and then examines key questions facing Vietnamese social work education. These include issues of how professional education for social work is structured and integrated within universities, how social work educators are appropriately trained and how practicum opportunities are developed in a context where a formal profession of social work is still emerging. It is argued that while Vietnamese social work education must be understood as part of the global range of approaches to professional training, it is also vital for Vietnam to engage with the process of developing an authentic Vietnamese approach.

Kauffman, C. J. (2005). "Politics, Programs, and Protests: Catholic Relief Services in Vietnam, 1954-1975." The Catholic Historical Review The Catholic Historical Review 91(2): vi, 223-250.

Marshall, V.-N. (2009). "Tools of Empire? Vietnamese Catholics in South Vietnam." from http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/044402ar.

This article examines the social and political activities of Vietnamese Roman Catholics in South Vietnam in the period from the 1950s to the 1970s. The Catholics participation in the public sphere, ranging from joining humanitarian organizations to organizing street protests, suggests that they were highly organized and proactive in trying to change their social and political environment. While Catholics held some political views and goals in common with the South Vietnamese and the United States governments, they pursued their own objectives, engaged in local and national politics, critiqued government policy, and maintained an important degree of independence from state power and influence.

Nguyen Vo Thuc Quyen (2013). Corporate Social Responsibility Implementation by Vietnamese Enterprises : case: Vinamilk Corp. & Kinh Do Corp. International Business. Lahti, Lahden ammattikorkeakoulu. Bachelor: 63.

While the application of corporate social responsibility (CSR) into business for sustainable development is becoming a popular trend in developed countries, this issue is considered relatively new to developing countries, particularly in Vietnam. In addition, CSR studies conducted in Vietnam remain very scarce. Most of the enterprises do not have adequate understandings of CSRs aspects, but the meaning of philanthropy. Hence, the thesis aims at examining the current understandings and implementation of CSR by Vietnamese enterprise. The theoretical framework provides readers an overview of CSR issue, including definition, three CSR models, and followed by an analysis of CSR in developing countries. The empirical part covers two large-listed company case studies as Vinamilk Corp. and Kinh Do Corp.The case studies present several CSR practices in four recent years, from 2009-2012, and reveal the achieved results.Using the inductive reasoning, together with the Qualitative research method, the thesis focuses on content analysis based on companies reports, websites, personal observation, and half-structured interviews with staff from two companies. In conclusion, the collected data from case studies are compared and collated to research question answers. The study findings state that Vietnamese enterprises have a greater perception of sustainable development in implementing corporate social responsibility practices.

Oanh, N. T. (2002). "Historical development and characteristics of social work in today's Vietnam." International Journal of Social Welfare 11(1): 84-91.

Sidel, M. (1997). "The emergence of a voluntary sector and philanthropy in Vietnam: functions, legal regulation and prospects for the future." Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 8(3): 283-302.

A significant number and wide range of Vietnamese non-profit and voluntary organisations have developed since Vietnam embarked on a programme of economic reform in late 1986. Philanthropy has begun to grow as well, albeit more slowly. The non-profit and voluntary sector and the state, each face important challenges as development of the sector accelerates. The state has sought both to encourage growth of non-profit, voluntary and philanthropic institutions, but also to control the pace and directions of that growth. Those dual aims are reflected in the state's regulation of the sector since the mid-1980s. This article provides detailed information on the development of the non-profit sector in Vietnam. It examines some common problems many of the new non-profits and voluntary organisations face and discusses the rapidly changing environment for philanthropy in Vietnam. The article also reviews the developing legal environment for non-profits and philanthropy, compares the situation in Vietnam to other countries in transition, and situates the functions of the non-profit sector in Vietnam in the context of the emerging scholarly literature on functions and models of the non-profit sector and government/non-profit relations.

Sidel, M. (2007). Vietnamese-American Diaspora Philanthropy to Vietnam. Harvard, The Philanthropic Initiative, Inc & The Global Equity Inititative, Harvard University.

Analyzes giving by the Vietnamese diaspora in the United States back to Vietnam. Outlines the 1986-2006 evolution of Vietnamese-American philanthropy from individual to organized efforts; challenges; and recommendations for expanding scale and impact.

Sidel, M. (2008). Law and the regulation of civil society: nonprofit organizations, philanthropy, grassroots organizations, and the state. Law and society in Vietnam: The transition from Socialism in Comparative Perspective. M. Sidel. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 141-165.

A unique analysis of the struggle to build a rule of law in one of the world's most dynamic and vibrant nations - a socialist state that is seeking to build a market economy while struggling to pursue an ethos of social equality and opportunity. It addresses constitutional change, the assertion of constitutional claims by citizens, the formation of a strong civil society and non-profit sector, the emergence of economic law and the battles over who is benefited by the new economic regulation, labour law and the protection of migrant and export labour, the rise of lawyers and public interest law, and other key topics. Alongside other countries, comparisons are made to parallel developments in another transforming socialist state, the People's Republic of China.

The Asia Foundation (2011). Đóng góp từ thiện tại Việt Nam. Hà Nội, Vietnam Asia Pacìic Center & The Asia Foundation.

UNDP (2007). Khỏa lấp sự cách biệt: Xã hội dân sự mới nổi ở Việt Nam. Hà Nội, UNDP, VUSTA, SNV.

Friday

Learning to react to ‘deviant’ labels and defending self image

Now we all agree that deviance is neither an inborn characteristic nor a sin. It is socially learnt. In alcohol research, the view that alcoholism is a learnt practice has rarely been addressed. Even rarer is the emphasis on how ‘deviants’ react to the label imposed upon them. One important suggestion comes from the well-known article by Sykes and Matza (1957) who described 'techniques of neutralizations', or ways of explaining ‘deviant behaviours’ in socially acceptable manner. Certainly, people learn these techniques in the socialisation process. The authors said: 'Unfortunately, the specific content of what is learnt - as opposed to the process by which it is learnt - has received relatively little attention in either theory and research'. Importantly, these techniques much be described by the people who are researched rather the researcher.
 

Wednesday

Văn hóa từ thiện ở Việt Nam và tác động của nó tới các sáng kiến quyên góp (Vietnamese Charity Culture and its implications to donation initiatives)

 

Full report is available in Vietnamese. The English version will be made available soon. Here are the main contents:

Lời cảm ơn/A thankful note                            page 3

Bối cảnh nghiên cứu/ Research context         page 4

Mục tiêu nghiên cứu/ Research aims              page 6

Phương pháp nghiên cứu / Research methods  page 6

Các kết quả nghiên cứu / Research findings      page 9

Sự khó khăn chính đáng / Legitimate difficulty  page 10

Chuẩn mực về sự giúp đỡ qua lại /The rule of reciprocity page 14

Quản lý danh tiếng / Reputation management    page 18

Niềm tin và sự hành chính hóa/Trust and the bureaucratization of charitable acts   page 21

Sự sẵn sàng đóng góp cho các tổ chức phi chính phủ/ Willingness to donate to NGOs   page 24

Kết luận và khuyến nghị/Conclusion and recommendations   page 27

Tài liệu tham khảo/References                     page 29

Contact: vhphong (at) isee.org.vn

Book Review: Substance Use and Abuse: Sociological Perspectives by Victor N. Shaw (2002)

Substance Use and Abuse: Sociological PerspectivesSubstance Use and Abuse: Sociological Perspectives by Victor N. Shaw
My rating: 2 of 5 stars

Not a bad one but it appears that only few people have read this book. Each chapter discusses a major sociological approach to substance use and abuse (alcohol, heroin, etc). Each chapter also offers ways of applying each theoretical perspective in research and practice. However, as a whole, the book lacks a sense of critique and that may not attract people who like discussing sociological theories.

View all my reviews

Monday

10 data analysis techniques that social researchers must know

1. Exploratory factor analysis

2. Confirmatory factor analysis

3. Adapting a scale

4. Thematic analysis

5. Logistic regression

6. Case studies

7. Longitudinal analysis

8. Multi-level analysis

9. Ordinal regression

10. Social network analysis

11. Discourse analysis

12. Grounded theory